My goal is to write a program capable of extracting tone, personality, and intent from human language inquiries (e.g. I type: How are you doing today? And the AI system resp
excellent suggestions by @alvas
for deep learning, take a look at Google's Word2Vec algorithm. It is especially suited for NLP problems. Here is an introductory use case
http://multithreaded.stitchfix.com/blog/2015/03/11/word-is-worth-a-thousand-vectors/
Google also recently released a python library called Tensorflow for Machine Learning and Word2Vec is a part of that too
https://www.tensorflow.org/
lastly, the best place to get your hands dirty is Kaggle competetions. Try reading through the introductory use cases to get an idea of what NLP and Machine Learning can do
https://www.kaggle.com/competitions
most of the competitions might seem quite challenging but Kaggle has a very nice set of tutorial/introductory competitions that can get you started. Once you know how to set up for the basic NLP/ML tasks, then you can work on the use case of your liking.
happy learning :) happy learning