I have written a fairly large program in Fortran 90. It has been working beautifully for quite a while, but today I tried to step it up a notch and increase the problem size
The stack is the memory area where the information needed to return from a function, and the information locally defined in a function is stored. So a stack overflow may indicate you have a function that calls another function which in its turn calls another function, etc.
I am not familiar with Fortran (anymore) but another cause might be that those functions declare tons of local variables, or at least variables that need a lot of place.
A last one: the stack is typically rather small, so it's not a priori relevant how much memory the machine has. It should be quite simple to instruct the linker to increase the stack size, at least if you are certain it's just a lack of space, and not a bug in your application.
Edit: do you use recursion in your program? Recursive calls can eat through the stack very quickly.
Edit: have a look at this: (emphasis mine)
On Windows, the stack space to reserved for the program is set using the /Fn compiler option, where n is the number of bytes. Additionally, the stack reserve size can be specified through the Visual Studio IDE which adds the Microsoft Linker option /STACK: to the linker command line. To set this, go to Property Pages>Configuration Properties>Linker>System>Stack Reserve Size. There you can specify the stack size in bytes in either decimal or C-language notation. If not specified, the default stack size is 1MB.