I have a data frame of two columns: key and value and I would like to create a dictionary using the respective row of each column for each element of the dictionary / hash t
Another option that is similar to what you've seen with Python or Perl is the hash package. See: http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/hash/
If your keys are particularly long, then I recommend storing two hash tables. First, hash the key, using the digest package and store a dictionary (hash table) that maps from digest to key (mapping from key to digest is already done by the digest package ;-)), and then from the digest to the value that you wish to store. This works very well for me.