I\'m a C and C++ programmer trying to get started with Objective-C. I\'m really bewildered, though, by the apparent total absence of a standards document for the language an
I think I understand your question correctly, so I will answer accordingly...
I highly recommend the documents in the Apple Developer Library. Here are a couple basic guides to get you started:
Concepts in Objective-C Programming
Programming with Objective-C
Cocoa Fundamentals Guide
iOS App Programming
The documents there are the definitive source for Objective-C and Cocoa best practices and coding standards. There are many more documents on a multitude of topics, so make sure to check that website out.
You also asked about how to know what methods are available for objects. To know that, you can check out the Class References.
For example:
NSObject Class Reference
The difference between the guides and the class references is that the guides are more about the concepts behind the code whereas the class references are a list of the methods and properties available for a class.
Hope this helped.