Python's [] at least 3x faster than list()?

Question

It appears that using [] around a generator expression (test1) behaves substantially better than putting it inside of list() (test2). The slowdown isn\'t there when I simpl

Answer 1

Well, my first step was to set the two tests up independently to ensure that this is not a result of e.g. the order in which the functions are defined.

>python -mtimeit "x=[34534534, 23423523, 77645645, 345346]" "[e for e in x]"
1000000 loops, best of 3: 0.638 usec per loop

>python -mtimeit "x=[34534534, 23423523, 77645645, 345346]" "list(e for e in x)"
1000000 loops, best of 3: 1.72 usec per loop

Sure enough, I can replicate this. OK, next step is to have a look at the bytecode to see what's actually going on:

>>> import dis
>>> x=[34534534, 23423523, 77645645, 345346]
>>> dis.dis(lambda: [e for e in x])
  1           0 LOAD_CONST               0 ( at 0x0000000001F8B330, file "", line 1>)
              3 MAKE_FUNCTION            0
              6 LOAD_GLOBAL              0 (x)
              9 GET_ITER
             10 CALL_FUNCTION            1
             13 RETURN_VALUE
>>> dis.dis(lambda: list(e for e in x))
  1           0 LOAD_GLOBAL              0 (list)
              3 LOAD_CONST               0 ( at 0x0000000001F8B9B0, file "", line 1>)
              6 MAKE_FUNCTION            0
              9 LOAD_GLOBAL              1 (x)
             12 GET_ITER
             13 CALL_FUNCTION            1
             16 CALL_FUNCTION            1
             19 RETURN_VALUE

Notice that the first method creates the list directly, whereas the second method creates a genexpr object and passes that to the global list. This is probably where the overhead lies.

Note also that the difference is approximately a microsecond i.e. utterly trivial.

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Other interesting data

This still holds for non-trivial lists

>python -mtimeit "x=range(100000)" "[e for e in x]"
100 loops, best of 3: 8.51 msec per loop

>python -mtimeit "x=range(100000)" "list(e for e in x)"
100 loops, best of 3: 11.8 msec per loop

and for less trivial map functions:

>python -mtimeit "x=range(100000)" "[2*e for e in x]"
100 loops, best of 3: 12.8 msec per loop

>python -mtimeit "x=range(100000)" "list(2*e for e in x)"
100 loops, best of 3: 16.8 msec per loop

and (though less strongly) if we filter the list:

>python -mtimeit "x=range(100000)" "[e for e in x if e%2]"
100 loops, best of 3: 14 msec per loop

>python -mtimeit "x=range(100000)" "list(e for e in x if e%2)"
100 loops, best of 3: 16.5 msec per loop