An alternative title might be: Check for existence of multiple rows?
Using a combination of SQL and C# I want a method to return true if all products in a list exist
If you have the IDs stored in a temp table (which can be done by some C# function or simple SQL) then the problem becomes easy and doable in SQL.
select "all exist"
where (select case  when count(distinct t.id) = (select count(distinct id) from #products) then "true" else "false" end
    from ProductTable t, #products p
    where t.id = p.id) = "true"
This will return "all exists" when all the products in #products exist in the target table (ProductTable) and will not return a row if the above is not true.
If you are not willing to write to a temp table, then you need to feed in some parameter for the number of products you are attempting to find, and replace the temp table with an 'in'; clause so the subquery looks like this:
SELECT "All Exist"
WHERE(
        SELECT case when count(distinct t.id) = @ProductCount then "true" else "false" 
        FROM ProductTable t 
        WHERE t.id in (1,100,10,20) -- example IDs
) = "true"