Properly using classes in other classes in php?

Question

Should have asked someone this a long time ago.

What is the best way to use other classes within another class?

For instance, lets say I have an application

Answer 1

There are a couple of ways of doing that. Global variables is certainly one way and the most looked down upon too. You can create a Singleton and all other classes that need database access would call upon this singleton.

final class Database {
    private static $connection;

    public static function getInstance() {
        if(self::$connection == NULL) {
            self::$connection = // init your database connection
        }
        return self::$connection;
    }
}

And use this database connection object in whatever class needs it.

class Application {
    public function displayVar() {
        echo 'hello world';
    }
    public function getVar() {
        $db = Database::getInstance();
        $sql = foo;
        $db->query($sql);
    }
}

This is all well for a start and a great step beyond using global variables, but you can do better with Dependency Injection. Dependency Injection is a simple concept that if a class has any external dependencies, such as the database connection in your example, you explicitly pass those to the needy class in its constructor or a method. So the new code would look something like Jonathan's solution. A major advantage of using dependency injection is in unit testing, where you can easily replace this actual database object with a mock object and pass it to whoever needs it.

class Application {
    private $db;

    public function __construct(Database $db) {
        $this->db = $db;
    }

    public function displayVar() {
        echo 'hello world';
    }

    public function getVar() {
        $sql = foo;
        $this->db->query($sql);
    }
}

For smaller projects, you can easily do it yourself. For large projects, there are various DI frameworks available for PHP