I am making an application that stores documents and gives each one a UID based on a SHA1 digest of a few things including the timestamp. The digest has a lot of characters,
Well, here's a possibly too simplistic of an answer..
If with full sha1 you get about 1 in 2^160 chance of collision, then by truncating one character you increase the chances of collision by 16 (all possible values of the truncated character)... which is 2^4.. So, if you truncate x characters you get 1 in 2^(160 - 4*x) chances of collision.. right?