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After hitting this problem, Combining meta viewport and media queries provided the simplest solution. Just adding to the source HTML provided in the question fixed the display in the Android browser (using an Android 4.2 virtual device). Quoting the above link:
Normally the layout viewport takes a width that the vendor has decided is optimal for viewing desktop sites.
By setting the meta viewport to device-width you’re sure that your site’s width is optimised for the device it’s being viewed on.