Boilerplate-free annotation of ASTs in Haskell?

Question

I\'ve been fiddling around with the Elm compiler, which is written in Haskell.

I\'d like to start implementing some optimizations for it, and part of this involves t

Answer 1

If you leave the recursion in your data type open you end up suffering an extra constructor everywhere, but can layer in annotations freely without changing most of your skeletal tree.

data Hutton x    -- non-recursive functor type
  = Int Int | Plus x x
  deriving Functor

newtype Tie f = Tie (f (Tie f))

data Annotate f a = Annotate { annotation :: a, layer :: (f (Annotate f a)) }

type Unannotated = Tie      Hutton
type Annotated a = Annotate Hutton a

This style is much easier when you can write most of your computations as Hutton-algebras since they will compose better.

interp :: Hutton Int -> Int
interp (Int i)    = i
interp (Plus a b) = a + b

runUnannotated :: Functor f => (f x -> x) -> Tie f -> x
runUnannotated phi (Tie f) = phi (fmap (runUnannotated phi) f)    

runAnnotated :: Functor f => (f x -> x) -> Annotate f a -> x
runAnnotated phi (Annotate _ f) = phi (fmap (runAnnotated phi) f)

What's also nice is that if you don't mind letting some amount of binding live in the Haskell level (such as in a middling-deep eDSL) then the Free Hutton monad is great for building ASTs and the Cofree Hutton comonad is essentially what Annotated is.

Here's a way to build annotations from the bottom up.

annotate :: Functor f => (f b -> b) -> Tie f -> Annotate f b
annotate phi = runUnannotated $ \x -> Annotate (phi (fmap annotation x)) x

memoize :: Unannotated -> Annotated Int
memoize = annotate interp

such that with the appropriate Show and Num instances

λ> memoize (2 + (2 + 2))
Annotate 6 (Plus (Annotate 2 (Int 2)) (Annotate 4 (Plus (Annotate 2 (Int 2)) (Annotate 2 (Int 2)))))

And here's how you can strip them

strip :: Annotated a -> Unannotated
strip = runAnnotated Tie

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See here for a description of how you might achieve this kind of AST work with mutually recursive ADTs, insured by Gallais' comment below.