Are there any HTTP headers one can use to detect a mobile users number other than this X-header x-up-calling-line-id
?
I want to detect from all browser
Honestly you wouldn't want this feature it all. Suppose you visit couple of web sites and they capture your phone number from the header "x-up-calling-line-id". And these web sites sell your phone number to telemarketers. Do you want to be in that situation?
Technical reason is different. Phone number is never stored on phone (usually). SIM card is identified by IMSI number and Home Location Registry (at MSC) contains an entry that maps IMSI to phone number. So to answer your question, this is not possible.