When I run a WinForms (or Delphi, see at the end) application on Windows 10 in a tablet mode, a touch keyboard does not pop up automatically, when an input box is focused.>
Use a RichTextBox instead of a TextBox control. The RichTextBox supports the touch keyboard and will automatically pop up the keyboard when focus is gained. (similar to other input controls such as the combo box)
The RichTextBox also supports the same properties as the TextBox so it should be a drop in change in most cases. (Both controls derive from TextBoxBase)
I have noticed that if the touch keyboard has been dismissed after it pops up, you may have to tap twice on the control to get it to pop back up.