In Vim how can I search and replace every other match?

Question

Say I have the following file

Answer 1

Just to show that this can be done in a substitution:

:let a = ['', '1']
:%s/bar\zs/\=reverse(a)[0]/g

Overview

Replace at the end of every bar with the first element of array in variable a after the array is reversed in-place upon every substitution.

Glory of Details

1. let a = ['', '1'] define an variable a to hold our array
2. %s/.../.../ do a substitution on every line in the file
3. %s/bar\zs/.../ do a substitution on bar but start the replacement after bar using \zs
4. \= inside the replacement portion of the :s command uses the value of the following expression
5. reverse(a) reverse simply reverses the array, but does so in-place
6. reverse(a)[0] reverse returns the now reversed array so get the first element
7. /g replace all occurances in the line (optional)

General Case

:let a = ['a', 'b', 'c']
:%s/bar\zs/\=add(a, remove(a, 0))[-1]/g

The general case "rotates" the array, a, in-place and uses the last position of the array as the value for the replacement of the substitution.

For more help see

:h :s
:h range
:h /\zs
:h :s\=
:h reverse(
:h :s_flags
:h Lists
:h add(
:h remove