It\'s been years since I thought of this, but I am training some real juniors soon and need to explain what an object is to someone who doesn\'t know what it is.
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I like the "Vehicle" example. Many things can be vehicles (abstract class), but they all have something in common - they can move from a to be at some speed. Then there can be different classes of vehicles: gound vehicles, some moving in water, some in the air.
So you have another level of abstraction - all vehicles in the air for example need an altitude member.
I guess you get the picture. This explains most of the points you've given above.