The blog is basically a page that lists the summary of like 10 articles, each item title linking to the full article page.
I\'ve seen:
I would use http://schema.org/WebPage for your all up page since this allows you to define things like Breadcrumbs/navigation which are important for describing a site regardless of the particular content.
There is still a lot of work needed in the microdata schemas and you've pointed out what appears to be a gap -- there is no parent/child relationship between Article and anything else that I can see (e.g. 'Articleindex' or 'Articles').
I haven't really read anything that indicates this parent child hierarchy is super important anyways, unless the parent is experssing attributes which are important to convey, so I think you can get away with either.
However, you haven't mentioned what type of content the "articles" are. If they are more journalistic or official in nature (like a news article, research paper, etc) I'd use http://schema.org/Article for each article and not worry about the article index page. Otherwise, use http://schema.org/Blog http://schema.org/BlogPosting for each.