This is caching abilities.
a ||= 1 # a assign to 1
a ||= 50 # a is already assigned, a will not be assigned again
puts a
#=> 1
this is useful when u load current user from DB, if this is loaded prior, statement will not try to evaluate right part of equation, which DRY, therefore u can consider it as caching operator.
REF:
http://railscasts.com/episodes/1-caching-with-instance-variables