What other ways can state be handled in a pure functional language besides with Monads?

Question

So I started to wrap my head around Monads (used in Haskell). I\'m curious what other ways IO or state can be handled in a pure functional language (both in theory or realit

Answer 1

There is an approach called Functional Reactive Programming that represents time-varying values and/or event streams as a first-class abstraction. A recent example that comes to my mind is Elm (it is written in Haskell and has a syntax similar to Haskell).