I have a small question. I know that the %x format specifier can be used to read values from the stack in a format string attack.
I found the following code:
<
That specifies the how many digits you want it to show.
integer value or * that specifies minimum field width. The result is padded with space characters (by default), if required, on the left when right-justified, or on the right if left-justified. In the case when * is used, the width is specified by an additional argument of type int. If the value of the argument is negative, it results with the - flag specified and positive field width.