Dependency injection in Haskell: solving the task idiomatically [closed]

Answer 1

To build on ertes's answer, I think the desired signature for printFile is printFile :: (MonadIO m, MonadLogger m) => FilePath -> m (), which I read as "I will print the given file. To do so, I need to do some IO and some logging."

I am no expert, but here's my attempt at this solution. I will be grateful for comments and suggestions on how to improve this.

{-# LANGUAGE FlexibleInstances #-}

module DependencyInjection where

import Prelude hiding (log)
import Control.Monad.IO.Class
import Control.Monad.Identity
import System.IO
import Control.Monad.State

-- |Any function that can turn a string into an action is considered a Logger.
type Logger m = String -> m ()

-- |Logger that does nothing, for testing.
noLogger :: (Monad m) => Logger m
noLogger _ = return ()

-- |Logger that prints to STDERR.
stderrLogger :: (MonadIO m) => Logger m
stderrLogger x = liftIO $ hPutStrLn stderr x

-- |Logger that appends messages to a given file.
fileLogger :: (MonadIO m) => FilePath -> Logger m
fileLogger filePath value = liftIO logToFile
  where
      logToFile :: IO ()
      logToFile = withFile filePath AppendMode $ flip hPutStrLn value


-- |Programs have to provide a way to the get the logger to use.
class (Monad m) => MonadLogger m where
    getLogger :: m (Logger m)

-- |Logs a given string using the logger obtained from the environment.
log :: (MonadLogger m) => String -> m ()
log value = do logger <- getLogger
               logger value

-- |Example function that we want to run in different contexts, like
--  skip logging during testing.
printFile :: (MonadIO m, MonadLogger m) => FilePath -> m ()
printFile fp = do
    log ("Printing file: " ++ fp)
    liftIO (readFile fp >>= putStr)
    log "Done printing."


-- |Let's say this is the real program: it keeps the log file name using StateT.
type RealProgram = StateT String IO

-- |To get the logger, build the right fileLogger.
instance MonadLogger RealProgram where
    getLogger = do filePath <- get
                   return $ fileLogger filePath

-- |And this is how you run printFile "for real".
realMain :: IO ()
realMain = evalStateT (printFile "file-to-print.txt") "log.out"


-- |This is a fake program for testing: it will not do any logging.
type FakeProgramForTesting = IO

-- |Use noLogger.
instance MonadLogger FakeProgramForTesting where
    getLogger = return noLogger

-- |The program doesn't do any logging, but still does IO.
fakeMain :: IO ()
fakeMain = printFile "file-to-print.txt"