I am trying to understand the process of how an apk is installed on Android, specifically the Android SDK emulator via adb install (where i am testing).
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Everything that you want to know, I think, is in the Android develeper website http://developer.android.com/tools/building/index.html and to understand packaging of the app itself, here is the image better (it's not the APK installation process, but it can help you understand the apk structure and instalation).
You can also google about aapt tool and .dex to understand more because classes.dex is the substruction of your application - contains the java and classes compiled. One dex file contains multiple classes as opposed to java class file which contain only that one class.
dex file is java bytecode converted with DX tool which is integral part of Android SDK. As a result of that, it allows every application to run as its own process with its own instance of the Dalvik virtual machine.
