In first place, I am convinced that this is a trivial question, but I cannot understand why this is happening and I couldn\'t find an answer anywhere else. I googled my issu
Somehow, NotScript got automatically installed in my Chrome browser on Ubuntu 16.04. That inserts the script you show in your update just after the tag.
I had to go to the settings, look at the extensions, disable the NotScripts and then restart Chrome to it would be gone.
On Ubuntu, this must be very recent or the script got updated recently because I ran the exact same test in Chrome, with the exact same scripts, a few days ago, and it was working just fine.
Interestingly enough, it looks like it was removed 2 years ago (Nov 2014) and maybe re-added recently?