I want to use meta-data in the Android manifest to customize the behavior of a service.
After doing some tests I confirmed that all meta-data fields are visible to all packages, as CommonsWare said. However, I also discovered that you can keep the content of the value private, by using android:resource instead of android:value. When you use android:resource only the integer id of the resource is returned from the PackageManager, and therefore only your package will have access to the actual resource value.
Update: It turns out that CommonsWare was right again. After investigating further, all resources and assets are publicly visible to ALL packages installed on the device. No permissions are required.
PackageManager pm = getPackageManager();
PackageInfo info = pm.getPackageInfo("test.package", PackageManager.GET_META_DATA|PackageManager.GET_SERVICES);
int resourceId = info.services[0].metaData.getInt("sampleName");
String resourceValue = pm.getResourcesForApplication("test.package").getString(resourceId);