sed 's/\$start/\$dsadad/g' your_file
>> ASD = $dsadad ( *.cpp )
sed 's/\*//g' your_file
>> ASD = $start ( .cpp )
To follow your edit :
sed -i 's/ASD = \$start ( \*.cpp )/ASD = \$dsadad ( .cpp )/' somefile
>> ASD = $dsadad ( .cpp )
Add the -i (--inplace) to edit the input file.