When I attempt to set the WindowStartupLocation property through a Setter within a ResourceDictionary, I get a XamlParseExceptio
The problem is that WindowStartupLocation is not a DependencyProperty so you can't set it in the style setter. Looking in ILSpy the Setter calls
CheckValidProperty(DependencyProperty property)
and throws a NullArgumentException.
As WindowStartupLocation is just a CLR property, it can't be set in this way.
Edit: To respond to the comment. You can still use a ResourceDictionary:
CenterOwner