$ yum install python3 postgresql python-devel libpqxx-devel
Loaded plugins: langpacks, refresh-packagekit
Package python3-3.3.2-8.fc20.x86_64 already installed and l
As indicated in the other answers this is caused by not having the right Python "devel" package installed. On CentOS, the Python "devel" rpm package is numbered with the with the qualified version. For example as of this writing the current versions are:
python34-devel
for epel repository
python36u-devel
for ius repository
Example Yum command (assumes EPEL repository is configured):
sudo yum install python34-devel
Related answer from server fault: https://serverfault.com/questions/710354/repository-for-python3-devel-on-centos-7