Here is the real calendar now:
March 2015
Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
15 16 17 18 19 20 2
cal.get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK) will return you which day it is (SUNDAY, MONDAY, etc...) for the given date. So it will return you TUESDAY and then 3, whatever the first day of week is. This has nothing to do with the setFirstDayOfWeek method.
If you want to compute the number of day since the beginning of the week, you just have to get the first day of the week using getFirstDayOfWeek and do some simple math.