This is my first shot at using Mongodb with the java drivers. I can query the database via command line using javascript and the Date() object, however, I am having trouble
Based on the query that was output, you are looking for a document with a field created_on that also has a child named created_on. I assume no such document exists. In other words, you query is not correctly formed.
Your query object should look like this:
BasicDBObject dateRange = new BasicDBObject ("$gte", new Date(current.getYear(), current.getMonth(), current.getDate());
dateRange.put("$lt", new Date(current.getYear(), current.getMonth() - 1, current.getDate());
BasicDBObject query = new BasicDBObject("created_on", dateRange);
Also, as a sidebar, you probably should avoid using the three-argument constructor of the java.util.Date class, as it is deprecated. When working with dates in the MongoDB Java driver, I typically use the java.util.Calendar class, and its getTime() method.