My computer is a Mac pro with a 13 inch retina screen. The screen resolution is 1280*800 (default).
Using the following code:
gWindow = glfwCreateWi
As Sabuncu said is hard to know what result should be correct without knowing how you draw the triangle.
But I guess your problems is related to the fact that with retina screen, when you use the 2.0 scale factor you need to render twice the pixels as you would with a regular screen - see here
The method you're after is shown just a few lines below your GLFL link
There is also glfwGetFramebufferSize for directly retrieving the current size of the framebuffer of a window.
int width, height;
glfwGetFramebufferSize(window, &width, &height);
glViewport(0, 0, width, height);
The size of a framebuffer may change independently of the size of a window, for example if the window is dragged between a regular monitor and a high-DPI one.
In your case I'm betting the framebuffer size you'll get will be twice the window size, and your gl viewport needs to match it.