I have the following serial ports listed in my devicemanager:
I found the solution.
The following query (root\CIMV2) gets the requested results:
SELECT * FROM Win32_PnPEntity WHERE ClassGuid="{4d36e978-e325-11ce-bfc1-08002be10318}"
Update
This answer is pretty old now. Ehen I asked it I still had to consider WinXP and was using Windows7. Since I don't deal with serial ports any more, I can't give any new information on that issue. At that time this solution reported all ports that the devicemanager was showing. But I know listing serial ports is not that easy so this answer might not be correct in all scenarios.