Check out this result of debugging an article using Facebook debugger.
It comes up with this warning:
og:image should be larger. Provided og:
I just ran into this problem and tried saving as a JPEG with slightly lower quality as another answerer suggested. Once I'd referenced that and tried again on the debugger page Facebook told me that, again, my image was too small, and instead it would use the old image, meaning the one it complained about the first time.
So I simply submitted the same URL once more and it stopped complaining. Basically it's one debug behind. Try refreshing the debug and see if it doesn't fix it for you.