In windows 8 consumer preview you can personalize your experience, including setting a \'background color\' which is then also used as the background for selected tiles, app
Based on this thread (Start Screen background as my metro apps background) on MSDN - this is not available.
In case the MSDN thread disappears, the site is temporarily unavailable, or Microsoft moves the directory structure around and leaves orphaned links all over the place: The relevant answer there, from Microsoft employee Rob Kaplan, said:
Metro style apps cannot query the start screen background color.
So it can be construed as an official response that this functionality is unavailable.