At the beginning of my Gtk-Gdk-Cairo-Pango app, I create the window:
GtkWidget *window = gtk_window_new(GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL);
First, there
There's so many questions in there that I'm not going to try answering all.
About latency of drawing: most likely option is that there's a bug or unoptimized code in your implementation: the draw cycle is quite unique in application code in that it really, really needs to be fast...
Things to note:
gtk_widget_queue_draw(window) from your draw-event handler: that seems unnecessary gtk_widget_queue_draw_region ().