Before you say this is an existing question, or that all I need to use is ms-interpolation-mode, or that I just need to have a pre-scaled version of the image on the server
After encountering the same problem myself, I found this Crossbrowser-Bicubic-Image-Interpolation script. I tested it on my Win7 virtual machine in IE11 and it works.
After downloading the .zip you can open the demo.html file to see how to apply the script. Notice on line 26 of that HTML file there is jQuery code that targets only images with the class "first":
$('img.first').bicubicImgInterpolation({
But you can remove ".first" to make it target all images:
$('img').bicubicImgInterpolation({
So that's all you need. jquery.js, bicubicInterpolation.js, and the that calls the function.
These items in the tag are probably a good idea to include too: