You can use jQuery._data to check for events. The first argument should be a reference to the HTML element, not the jQuery object.
var ev = $._data(element, 'events');
if(ev && ev.click) alert('click bound');
Sample below.
$(function(){
$('#test').click(function(){
// NOTE: this below is refering to the HTML element, NOT the jQuery element
var ev = $._data(this, 'events');
if(ev && ev.click) alert('click bound to this button');
});
});
Also note that this method for checking events will only work when the event is bound via jQuery. If the event is bound via element.attachEventListener, element.onclick, or any other non jQuery way, this will not work. If you're fitting into this boat, check this answer.