Does SQL Server allow constraint violations (i.e. deferred constraints) in a transaction as long as the transaction has not been committed yet?
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SQL Server does not have deferred contraints option. But in some cases you can use Bulk Insert that supports ignoring constraints without problems of disabling. For more information you can see these links:
Controlling Constraint Checking by Bulk Import Operations
BULK INSERT and INSERT: Using OPENROWSET and BULK to Bulk Load Data
Then just before committing transaction, you will have to check the constraints on the whole table manually.