Scala: return has its place

Question

References:
Scala return keyword
handling errors in scala controllers

EDIT3
This is the \"final\" solution, again thanks to Dan Burton.<

Answer 1

So as a Haskeller, obviously in my mind, the solution to everything is Monads. Step with me for a moment into a simplified world (simplified for me, that is) where your problem is in Haskell, and you have the following types to deal with (as a Haskeller, I sort of have this fetish for types):

bindFormRequest :: Request -> Form -> BoundForm
hasErrors :: BoundForm -> Bool

processPayment :: Model -> OrderNum -> TransID
isEmpty :: TransID -> Bool

Let's pause here. At this point, I'm sort of cringing a bit at boundFormHasErrors and transIDisEmpty. Both of these things imply that the possibility of failure is injected into BoundForm and TransID respectively. That's bad. Instead, the possibility of failure should be maintained separate. Allow me to propose this alternative:

bindFormRequest :: Request -> Form -> Either FormBindError BoundForm
processPayment :: Model -> OrderNum -> Either TransError TransID 

That feels a bit better, and these Eithers are leading into the use of the Either monad. Let's write up some more types though. I'm going to ignore OK because that is wrapped around pretty much everything; I'm fudging a little bit but the concepts will still translate just the same. Trust me; I'm bringing this back around to Scala in the end.

save :: Request -> IO Action

form :: Form
withForm :: BoundForm -> Action

getModel :: BoundForm -> Model
generateOrderNum :: IO OrderNum
withGlobalError :: ... -> BoundForm -> BoundForm

getHeader :: String -> Request -> String
dao :: DAO
createMember :: Model -> String -> OrderNum -> TransID
             -> DAO -> IO (Either DAOErr (Foo, Bar, Baz))

allGood :: Foo -> Bar -> Baz -> IO Action

OK, now I'm going to do something a bit wonky, and let me tell you why. The Either monad works like this: as soon as you hit a Left, you stop. (Is it any surprise I chose this monad to emulate early returns?) This is all well and good, but we want to always stop with an Action, and so stopping with a FormBindError isn't going to cut it. So let's define two functions that will let us deal with Eithers in such a way that we can install a little more "handling" if we discover a Left.

-- if we have an `Either a a', then we can always get an `a' out of it!
unEither :: Either a a -> a
unEither (Left a) = a
unEither (Right a) = a

onLeft :: Either l r -> (l -> l') -> Either l' r
(Left l)  `onLeft` f = Left (f l)
(Right r) `onLeft` _ = Right r

At this point, in Haskell, I would talk about monad transformers, and stacking EitherT on top of IO. However, in Scala, this is not a concern, so wherever we see IO Foo, we can just pretend it is a Foo.

Alright, let's write save. We will use do syntax, and later will translate it to Scala's for syntax. Recall in for syntax you are allowed to do three things:

• assign from a generator using <- (this is comparable to Haskell's <-)
• assign a name to the result of a computation using = (this is comparable to Haskell's let)
• use a filter with the keyword if (this is comparable to Haskell's guard function, but we won't use this because it doesn't give us control of the "exceptional" value produced)

And then at the end we can yield, which is the same as return in Haskell. We will restrict ourselves to these things to make sure that the translation from Haskell to Scala is smooth.

save :: Request -> Action
save request = unEither $ do
  bound <- bindFormRequest request form
           `onLeft` (\err -> withForm (getSomeForm err))

  let model = getModel bound
  let orderNum = generateOrderNum
  transID <- processPayment model orderNum
             `onLeft` (\err -> withForm (withGlobalError ... bound))

  let ip = getHeader "X-Forwarded-For" request
  (foo, bar, baz) <- createMember model ip orderNum transID dao
                     `onLeft` (\err -> withForm (withGlobalError ... bound))

  return $ allGood foo bar baz

Notice something? It looks almost identical to the code you wrote in imperative style!

You may be wondering why I went through all this effort to write up an answer in Haskell. Well, it's because I like to typecheck my answers, and I'm rather familiar with how to do this in Haskell. Here's a file that typechecks, and has all of the type signatures I just specified (sans IO): http://hpaste.org/69442

OK, so now let's translate that to Scala. First, the Either helpers.

Here begins the Scala

// be careful how you use this.
// Scala's subtyping can really screw with you if you don't know what you're doing
def unEither[A](e: Either[A, A]): A = e match {
  case Left(a)  => a
  case Right(a) => a
}

def onLeft[L1, L2, R](e: Either[L1, R], f: L1 => L2) = e match {
  case Left(l) = Left(f(l))
  case Right(r) = Right(r)
}

Now, the save method

def save = Action { implicit request => unEither( for {
  bound <- onLeft(form.bindFormRequest,
                  err => Ok(withForm(err.getSomeForm))).right

  model = bound.get
  orderNum = generateOrderNum()
  transID <- onLeft(processPayment(model, orderNum),
                    err => Ok(withForm(bound.withGlobalError(...))).right

  ip = request.headers.get("X-Forwarded-For")
  (foo, bar, baz) <- onLeft(dao.createMember(model, ip, orderNum, transID),
                            err => Ok(withForm(bound.withGlobalError(...))).right
} yield allGood(foo, bar, baz) ) }

Note that variables on the left hand side of <- or = are implicitly considered to be vals since they are inside of a for block. You should feel free to change onLeft so that it is pimped onto Either values for prettier usage. Also, make sure you import an appropriate "Monad instance" for Eithers.

In conclusion, I just wanted to point out that the whole purpose of monadic sugar is to flatten out nested functional code. So use it!

[edit: in Scala, you have to "right bias" Eithers to make them work with for syntax. This is done by adding .right to the Either values on the right-hand side of the <-. No extra imports necessary. This could be done inside of onLeft for prettier-looking code. See also: https://stackoverflow.com/a/10866844/208257 ]