From the docs, the definitions are:
..a variant of linear scales with a discrete rather than continuous range. The input domain is sti
The difference is, as far as I can tell, simply that statistically quantiles are finite, equal, and evenly-distributed discrete blocks/buckets into which your results simply fall. The difference being that a quantized scale is a continuous function based on your discrete input.
Basically: quantize allows interpolation and extrapolation, where as quantile forces the value into the subset.
So, for example, if a student's calculated grade is 81.7% in a quantized scale, a quantiles scale of percentiles would simply say that it is of the 81st percentile. There's no room for flexibility there.