You can find good examples of class inheritance in design-patterns.
Abstract_factory_pattern : Provides a way to encapsulate a group of individual factories that have a common theme without specifying their concrete class
Template_method_pattern: It is a behavioral design pattern that defines the program skeleton of an algorithm in an operation, deferring some steps to subclasses.
Decorator_pattern: It is a design pattern that allows behavior to be added to an individual object, either statically or dynamically, without affecting the behavior of other objects from the same class
Refer to below posts for real world examples:
When to Use the Decorator Pattern?
Template design pattern in JDK, could not find a method defining set of methods to be executed in order