I have created a Docker container using the Ubuntu 16.04 image.
docker run -it -d --name containername -v /var/www/public --privileged ubuntu
Try:
echo "Asia/Kolkata" > /etc/timezone rm -f /etc/localtime dpkg-reconfigure -f noninteractive tzdata
You have to do rm /etc/localtime because of the Ubuntu bug.
rm /etc/localtime