I have a C# application and a Node.js application. I would like to press a button in my C# application to send three arguments to a Node.js application/function as input. I
Yes communication is possible like several people have pointed out in your question's comments.
These are (some of) the options:
I would recommend you go for the first option as that doesn't require you to define a language protocol to send over the "wire". The other reason would be that there is a lot of documentation available on doing Rest with C# and node.js.
As the client library in C# I would suggest you have a look at Restsharp as the client library if you can't use the latest version of .NET (4.5). If you can use the latest version, use HttpClient to call your Node.js restservice. For Node just use Express.
Option 2 might be quick as there is good support in VS for webservices, however, I have only used node-soap as a client so can't comment on how well the node-soap webservices are with C# clients.