I was having the same issue (apparently several years later) where I could see my device in VS 2015, but when I wanted to debug on the device, nothing happened.
It may be a different issue than the one the original poster had, but this solution fixed the problem for me in VS 2015.
Right-click the solution and select Properties, and then notice if the checkbox for your solution in the Deploy column is checked, if it is not, then check it and try debugging again. Worked for me.
