What is the difference between Google Cloud Bigtable and Google Cloud Datastore / App Engine datastore, and what are the main practical advantages/disadvantages? AFAIK Cloud
Bigtable and Datastore are extremely different. Yes, the datastore is build on top of Bigtable, but that does not make it anything like it. That is kind of like saying a car is build on top of wheels, and so a car is not much different from wheels.
Bigtable and Datastore provide very different data models and very different semantics in how the data is changed.
The main difference is that the Datastore provides SQL-database-like ACID transactions on subsets of the data known as entity groups (though the query language GQL is much more restrictive than SQL). Bigtable is strictly NoSQL and comes with much weaker guarantees.