I am working on a C++ library. Ultimately, I would like to make it publicly available for multiple platforms (Linux and Windows at least), along with some examples and Pytho
I don't think there's actually any good guidelines for this. Most of it is just personal preference. Certain IDE's will determine a basic structure for you, though. Visual Studio, for example, will create a separate bin folder which is divided in a Debug and Release subfolders. In VS, this makes sense when you're compiling your code using different targets. (Debug mode, Release mode.)
As greyfade says, use a layout that makes sense to you. If someone else doesn't like it, they will just have to restructure it themselves. Fortunately, most users will be happy with the structure you've chosen. (Unless it's real messy.)