Question: what is the LINQ-to-Entity code to insert an order for a specific customer?
Your code isn't far off. Just change your second line to read as follows:
Customer customer = ctx.Customer.FirstOrDefault(c => c.FirstName == "Bobby");
if (customer != null)
{
//...
Just replace the c.FirstName == "Bobby" with something that can strongly identify the customer you're looking for (e.g. c.Id == customerID if you already know what the ID is).