[C++]Covariant return types

Question

I have a VectorN class, and a Vector3 class inherited from VectorN (which can handle cross products for example). I have trouble deter

Answer 1

You need a re-design. First, prefer free-functions over member-functions. The only member functions you should have are the ones that need access to privates.

Start with this combo:

class VectorN
{
public:
   virtual VectorN& operator*=(double d)
    {
        /* ... */

        return *this;
    };
};


class Vector3 : public VectorN
{
public:
    virtual Vector3& operator*=(double d)
    {
        return static_cast(VectorN::operator*=(d));
    };
};

Here covariance works fine because the type is a reference or pointer, and you re-use code. (static_cast is free, performance-wise, and safe since you know the derived type.)

Then you implement your free-functions:

// optimization: if you're going to make a copy, do it in the parameter list;
// compilers can elide a copy when working with temporaries
VectorN operator*(VectorN v, double d)
{
    // reuse code
    return v *= d;
}

VectorN operator*(double d, VectorN v)
{
    // reuse code
    return v *= d;
}

Do the same with Vector3.

What's been done is you get an easy way to write these operators because you get to use the core of the operator, and the return type matches, thanks to covariance.

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Do heed warnings though, you probably don't need any of it. And extensions you want to make can be made via free-functions operating on a vector or valarray.