Woocommerce v2.6 stores the following meta_key values in the wp_postmeta table:
_sku
_price
_regular_price
_sale_price
_manage_stock<
In WooCommerce 3+ everything listed is the same, except for _featured that doesn't work any more.
The "feature" product functionality in WooCommerce 3+:
Since version 3, WooCommerce generates a featured term (name and slug) located in wp_terms table, which custom taxonomy is product_visibility in wp_term_taxonomy table.
The wp_term_relationships table make the link between:
object_id keyproduct_visibility taxonomy through term_taxonomy_id keyThe wp_term_taxonomy table make the link with the term featured through its term_id key.
It works jut like a post term.
Update: regarding other changes not listed in your question.
The product_visibility taxonomy also handle those terms (functionalities):
exclude-from-search (product visibility option)exclude-from-catalog (product visibility option)outofstock (stock status)rated-1 to rated-5 (product rating)