I have some repeating elements in my protobuf message. At runtime the length of the message could be anything - I see some questions already asked like this one - [1]: Max
I don't think the protobuf compiler will ever complain about message sizes. Atleast not until you get to the 18 exabyte maximum of uint64_t.
For most implementations, performance starts to suffer at the point where the message cannot fit into RAM at once. So 10 MB should be fine, 10 GB not. Another possible issue is if you don't need all of the data - protobuf does not support random access, so you need to decode the whole message even if you only need a part of it.