According to ASP.NET Core documentation the method HttpContext.Authentication.SignOutAsync() must delete the authentication cookie as well.
HttpContext.Authentication.SignOutAsync()
In my case McGuireV10's answer didn't work as await context.SignOutAsync("oidc", prop); did not redirect to my given redirectUri.
await context.SignOutAsync("oidc", prop);
I solved it by adding HttpContext.Response.Redirect(redirectUri); after the SignOutAsync call.
HttpContext.Response.Redirect(redirectUri);