Ok I know you can do this in Inno Setup:
#define AppVer \"0.0.11\"
Then use it like
[Setup]
AppVerName={#AppVer}
In the event you want to do this at the installer's run time (@jachguate's answer covers the other possibility, and is probably the one you're looking for - I'll leave this in case it helps others at some point), you can use it's Pascal Script to do so. Something like this should work:
[Setup]
AppVer={code:MyVersion}
[Files]
// Other files
Source: "YourVersionFile.txt"; DestDir: "{app}"
[Code]
function MyVersion(Param: String): String;
var
VersionValue: string;
VersionFile: string;
begin
// Default to some predefined value.
Result := '0.0.0';
VersionFile := '{app}\YourVersionFile.txt';
if LoadStringFromFile(VersionFile, VersionValue) then
Result := VersionValue;
end;
See the help file topic "Pascal Scripting" for more information, including a list of the supported built-in functions.