My problem is the following:
In an existing database I want to encrypt data in a couple of columns. The columns contains strings of different lengths.
I don\
Within your constrants, I would use AES in CFB mode, which turns it into a stream cipher and the output length will be the same as the input length. Unless you're storing the strings in blobs, you'll need to hex or base64 encode the output to make it char friendly, which will be a 100% or 33% increase in length.
One .NET implementation is here.